And let not those of virtue among you and wealth swear not to give [aid] to their relatives and the needy and the emigrants for the cause of Allah, and let them pardon and overlook. Would you not like that Allah should forgive you? And Allah is Forgiving and Merciful

ஒவ்வொரு தொகுதி எம் எல் ஏக்கும் ஒரு ஈ மெயில் ஐடி கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.

ஒவ்வொரு தொகுதி எம் எல் ஏக்கும் ஒரு ஈ மெயில் ஐடி கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.

இனிமேல் உங்கள் " நியாமான " கோரிக்கைகளை நீங்கள் அனுப்பலாம்.

பதில் வருமா வராதான்னு தெரியாது,

எல்லா எம் எல் ஏக்கும் லேப் டாப் கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது
அதனால் கண்டிப்பாக பதில் கிடைக்கும் என நம்புவோம்.

234 தொகுதி எம் எல் ஏக்கு தனி தனியே கொடுக்கபட்டுள்ளது...

1 Acharapakkam - mlaacharapakkam@tn.gov.in
2 Alandur - mlaalandur@tn.gov.in
3 Alangudi - mlaalangudi@tn.gov.in
4 Alangulam - mlaalangulam@tn.gov.in
5 Ambasamudram -- mlaambasamudram@tn.gov.in
6 Anaicut -- mlaanaicut@tn.gov.in
7 Andhiyur --mlaandhiyur@tn.gov.in
8 Andimadam --- mlaandimadam@tn.gov.in
9 Andipatti----mlaandipatti@tn.gov.in
10 AnnaNagar--- mlaannanagar@tn.gov.in
11 Arakkonam ----mlaarakkonam@tn.gov.in
12 Arantangi-- mlaarantangi@tn.gov.in
13 Aravakurichi --- mlaaravakurichi@tn.gov.in
14 Arcot --- mlaarcot@tn.gov.in
15 Ariyalur --mlaariyalur@tn.gov.in
16 Arni -- mlaarni@tn.gov.in
17 Aruppukottai ---mlaaruppukottai@tn.gov.in
18 Athoor--- mlaathoor@tn.gov.in
19 Attur ---mlaattur@tn.gov.in
20 Avanashi ---mlaavanashi@tn.gov.in
21 Bargur ---mlabargur@tn.gov.in
22 Bhavani---mlabhavani@tn.gov.in
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27 Chengam---mlachengam@tn.gov.in
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29 Cheranmahadevi---mlacheranmahadevi@tn.gov.in
30 Cheyyar---mlacheyyar@tn.gov.in
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59 Kandamangalam----mlakandamangalam@tn.gov.in
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62 Kapilamalai----mlakapilamalai@tn.gov.in
63 Karaikudi----mlakaraikudi@tn.gov.in
64 Karur----mlakarur@tn.gov.in
65 Katpadi----mlakatpadi@tn.gov.in
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67 Kaveripattinam---mlakaveripattinam@tn.gov.in
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70 Kolathur---mlakolathur@tn.gov.in
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73 Krishnarayapuram---mlakrishnarayapuram@tn.gov.in
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75 Kumbakonam---mlakumbakonam@tn.gov.in
76 Kurinjipadi---mlakurinjipadi@tn.gov.in
77 Kuttalam---mlakuttalam@tn.gov.in
78 Lalgudi---mlalalgudi@tn.gov.in
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83 Manamadurai----mlamanamadurai@tn.gov.in
84 Mangalore----mlamangalore@tn.gov.in
85 Mannargudi----mlamannargudi@tn.gov.in
86 Marungapuri-----mlamarungapuri@tn.gov.in
87 Mayiladuturai----mlamayiladuturai@tn.gov.in
88 Melmalaiyanur---mlamelmalaiyanur@tn.gov.in
89 Melur---mlamelur@tn.gov.in
90 Mettupalayam---mlamettupalayam@tn.gov.in
91 Mettur---mlamettur@tn.gov.in
92 Modakkurichi---mlamodakkurichi@tn.gov.in
93 Morappur---mlamorappur@tn.gov.in
94 Mudukulathur---mlamudukulathur@tn.gov.in
95 Mugaiyur----mlamugaiyur@tn.gov.in
96 Musiri---mlamusiri@tn.gov.in
97 Mylapore---mlamylapore@tn.gov.in
98 Nagapattinam----mlanagapattinam@tn.gov.in
99 Nagercoil---mlanagercoil@tn.gov.in
100 Namakkal---mlanamakkal@tn.gov.in
101 Nanguneri---mlananguneri@tn.gov.in
102 Nannilam----mlanannilam@tn.gov.in
103 Natham-----mlanatham@tn.gov.in
104 Natrampalli----mlanatrampalli@tn.gov.in
105 Nellikkuppam----mlanellikkuppam@tn.gov.in
106 Nilakottai---mlanilakottai@tn.gov.in
107 Oddanchatram---mlaoddanchatram@tn.gov.in
108 Omalur---mlaomalur@tn.gov.in
109 Orathanad---mlaorathanad@tn.gov.in
110 Ottapidaram---mlaottapidaram@tn.gov.in
111 Padmanabhapuram----mlapadmanabhapuram@tn.gov.in
112 Palacode---mlapalacode@tn.gov.in
113 Palani----mlapalani@tn.gov.in
114 Palayamkottai---mlapalayamkottai@tn.gov.in
115 Palladam---mlapalladam@tn.gov.in
116 Pallipattu---mlapallipattu@tn.gov.in
117 Panamarathupatti---mlapanamarathupatti@tn.gov.in
118 Panruti---mlapanruti@tn.gov.in
119 Papanasam---mlapapanasam@tn.gov.in
120 Paramakudi---mlaparamakudi@tn.gov.in
121 ParkTown----mlaparktown@tn.gov.in
122 Pattukkottai----mlapattukkottai@tn.gov.in
123 Pennagaram-----mlapennagaram@tn.gov.in
124 Perambalur----mlaperambalur@tn.gov.in
125 Perambur---mlaperambur@tn.gov.in
126 Peranamallur---mlaperanamallur@tn.gov.in
127 Peravurani---mlaperavurani@tn.gov.in
128 Periyakulam---mlaperiyakulam@tn.gov.in
129 Pernambut---mlapernambut@tn.gov.in
130 Perundurai---mlaperundurai@tn.gov.in
131 Perur---mlaperur@tn.gov.in
132 Pollachi---mlapollachi@tn.gov.in
133 Polur---mlapolur@tn.gov.in
134 Pongalur---mlapongalur@tn.gov.in
135 Ponneri---mlaponneri@tn.gov.in
136 Poompuhar---mlapoompuhar@tn.gov.in
137 Poonamallee----mlapoonamallee@tn.gov.in
138 Pudukkottai----mlapudukkottai@tn.gov.in
139 Purasawalkam----mlapurasawalkam@tn.gov.in
140 Radhapuram---mlaradhapuram@tn.gov.in
141 Rajapalayam---mlarajapalayam@tn.gov.in
142 Ramanathapuram---mlaramanathapuram@tn.gov.in
143 Ranipet---mlaranipet@tn.gov.in
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145 Rishivandiyam----mlarishivandiyam@tn.gov.in
146 Dr.RadhakrishnanNagar----mlarknagar@tn.gov.in
147 Royapuram---mlaroyapuram@tn.gov.in
148 Saidapet---mlasaidapet@tn.gov.in
149 Salem -I---mlasalem1@tn.gov.in
150 Salem-II---mlasalem2@tn.gov.in
151 Samayanallur---mlasamayanallur@tn.gov.in
152 Sankaranayanarkoi---mlasankaranayanarkoil@tn.gov.in
153 Sankarapuram---mlasankarapuram@tn.gov.in
154 Sankari---mlasankari@tn.gov.in
155 Sathyamangalam---mlasathyamangalam@tn.gov.in
156 Sattangulam----mlasattangulam@tn.gov.in
157 Sattur---mlasattur@tn.gov.in
158 Sedapatti----mlasedapatti@tn.gov.in
159 Sendamangalam----mlasendamangalam@tn.gov.in
160 Sholavandan---mlasholavandan@tn.gov.in
161 Sholinghur----mlasholinghur@tn.gov.in
162 Singanallur---mlasinganallur@tn.gov.in
163 Sirkazhi----mlasirkazhi@tn.gov.in
164 Sivaganga----mlasivaganga@tn.gov.in
165 Sivakasi---mlasivakasi@tn.gov.in
166 Sriperumbudur---mlasriperumbudur@tn.gov.in
167 Srirangam---mlasrirangam@tn.gov.in
168 Srivaikuntam---mlasrivaikuntam@tn.gov.in
169 Srivilliputhur---mlasrivilliputhur@tn.gov.in
170 Talavasal---mlatalavasal@tn.gov.in
171 Tambaram---mlatambaram@tn.gov.in
172 Taramangalam---mlataramangalam@tn.gov.in
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175 Thandarambattu---mlathandarambattu@tn.gov.in
176 Thanjavur---mlathanjavur@tn.gov.in
177 Theni---mlatheni@tn.gov.in
178 Thirumangalam---mlathirumangalam@tn.gov.in
179 Thirumayam---mlathirumayam@tn.gov.in
180 Thirupparankundram---mlathirupparankundram@tn.gov.in
181 Thiruvattar---mlathiruvattar@tn.gov.in
182 Thiruverambur---mlathiruverambur@tn.gov.in
183 Thiruvidamarudur---mlathiruvidamarudur@tn.gov.in
184 Thiruvonam---mlathiruvonam@tn.gov.in
185 Thiruvottiyur---mlathiruvottiyur@tn.gov.in
186 Thondamuthur---mlathondamuthur@tn.gov.in
187 Thottiam---mlathottiam@tn.gov.in
188 Tindivanam---mlatindivanam@tn.gov.in
189 Tiruchendur---mlatiruchendur@tn.gov.in
190 Tiruchengode----mlatiruchengode@tn.gov.in
191 Tirunavalur----mlatirunavalur@tn.gov.in
192 Tirunelveli---mlatirunelveli@tn.gov.in
193 Tiruppattur-194----mlatiruppattur194@tn.gov.in
194 Tiruppattur-41---mlatiruppattur41@tn.gov.in
195 Tirupporur----mlatirupporur@tn.gov.in
196 Tiruppur----mlatiruppur@tn.gov.in
197 Tiruthuraipundi----mlatiruthuraipundi@tn.gov.in
198 Tiruttani----mlatiruttani@tn.gov.in
199 Tiruvadanai---mlatiruvadanai@tn.gov.in
200 Tiruvaiyaru----mlatiruvaiyaru@tn.gov.in
201 Tiruvallur---mlatiruvallur@tn.gov.in
202 Tiruvannamalai----mlatiruvannamalai@tn.gov.in
203 Tiruvarur----mlatiruvarur@tn.gov.in
204 TheagarayaNagar----mlatnagar@tn.gov.in
205 Tiruchirapalli-I---mlatrichy1@tn.gov.in
206 Tiruchirapalli-II---mlatrichy2@tn.gov.in
207 Triplicane----mlatriplicane@tn.gov.in
208 Tuticorin---mlatuticorin@tn.gov.in
209 Udagamandalam---mlaudagamandalam@tn.gov.in
210 Udumalpet---mlaudumalpet@tn.gov.in
211 Ulundurpet---mlaulundurpet@tn.gov.in
212 Uppiliyapuram---mlauppiliyapuram@tn.gov.in
213 Usilampatti---mlausilampatti@tn.gov.in
214 Uthiramerur---mlauthiramerur@tn.gov.in
215 Valangiman----mlavalangiman@tn.gov.in
216 Valparai----mlavalparai@tn.gov.in
217 Vandavasi----mlavandavasi@tn.gov.in
218 Vaniyambadi----mlavaniyambadi@tn.gov.in
219 Vanur----mlavanur@tn.gov.in
220 Varahur-----mlavarahur@tn.gov.in
221 Vasudevanallur---mlavasudevanallur@tn.gov.in
222 Vedaranyam---mlavedaranyam@tn.gov.in
223 Vedasandur---mlavedasandur@tn.gov.in
224 Veerapandi---mlaveerapandi@tn.gov.in
225 Vellakoil---mlavellakoil@tn.gov.in
226 Vellore---mlavellore@tn.gov.in
227 Vilathikulam---mlavilathikulam@tn.gov.in
228 Vilavancode---mlavilavancode@tn.gov.in
229 Villivakkam---mlavillivakkam@tn.gov.in
230 Villupuram---mlavillupuram@tn.gov.in
231 Virudhunagar----mlavirudhunagar@tn.gov.in
232 Vridhachalam---mlavridhachalam@tn.gov.in
233 Yercaud---mlayercaud@tn.gov.in
234 ThousandLights---mlathousandlights@tn.gov.in


முக்கியமான தமிழகஅரசியல் மற்றும் அலுவல் தலைகளின் மின்னஞ்சல் முகவர்கள் :: http://www.tn.gov.in/telephone/emaildir.html

Control High Blood Pressure High blood pressure is one of several other possible reasons for the development of cardiovascular disease. High blood pressure can be controlled by medication and despite making changes to the lifestyle as well. The regular exercises like walking and yoga or physical activity for five or more days of week, for about at least 30 minutes also helps entry-level blood pressure. Also try to reduce excess weight to control high blood pressure. Losing extra weight has other health benefits too. You must reduce the salt. The amount of salt you eat can also increase your blood pressure. Potatoes although useful in the treatment of high blood pressure. Boil it with the skin and so they absorb less salt. Potatoes are rich in potassium. Mix 200ml of orange juice with only 100 ml of coconut water. Drink a half a glass of juice this two or three time a day. Do not fry foods to eat fatty food, such as fatty meats, cheeses, a full-cream milk, fried food, butter, etc. If you fry, then choose oil less calories. Avoid drinking alcohol, because it has a direct effect on blood pressure. Boil 6-7 leaves of olive tree that, in a glass of water for five minutes, three times to drink a day. It is a good remedy for hypertension. Grape is also very useful in the treatment of high blood pressure. Lemon juice is another also found to be moderately useful for the treatment of high blood pressure. Home Remedies for high blood pressure Consuming garlic is very effective in reducing hypertension and such as it prevents thrombosis and deposition of plaques in the arteries. Drinking water of lime around 4 to 5 times a day helps prevent hypertension. Amla (Indian goose berry) is very effective in the treatment of such high blood pressure. Watermelon is also a good remedy to prevent blood pressure problem. Fenugreek seeds should be taken twice daily in an empty stomach is a good medicine against hypertension. Leaves of Tulsi and neem in number than two are being consumed in fasting to relieve high blood pressure. Consume papaya in fasting for 15 to 20 days to help cure the hypertension.

Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī

Abū al-Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī[n 1] (born 5 September 973 in Kath, Khwarezm, died 13 December 1048 in Ghazni[3]), known as Alberonius in Latin and Al-Biruni in English,[4] was an Iranian[5]-Chorasmian[6][7] Muslim scholar and polymath of the 11th century.

Al-Biruni is regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist and linguist.[7] He was conversant in Chorasmian, Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit and Turkic, and also knew Greek, Hebrew and Syriac. He spent a large part of his life in Ghazni, modern-day Afghanistan, and in 1017 travelled to the Indian subcontinent. He became the most important interpreter of Indian science to the Islamic world. He is given the titles the "founder of Indology" and the "first anthropologist".[8] He was an impartial writer on custom and creeds of various nations, and was given the title al-Ustdadh ("The Master") for his remarkable description of early 11th-century India.[7] He also made contributions to Earth sciences, and is regarded as the "father of geodesy" for his important contributions to that field, along with his significant contributions to geography.

Contents [hide]
1 Life
2 Mathematics and Astronomy
3 Physics
4 Geography
5 Pharmacology and Mineralogy
6 History and Chronology
7 History of Religions
8 Indology
9 Works
9.1 Chronicle of Nations
9.2 Persian work
10 Notes and references
11 Further reading
12 External links
12.1 Works of Al-Biruni online


[edit] LifeHe was born in the outer district of Kath, the capital of the Afrighid dynasty of Chorasmia.[9] The word Biruni means outer-district in Persian, and so this became his nisba: "al-Bīrūnī" = "the Birunian".[9] His first twenty-five years were spent in Chorasmia where he studied fiqh, theology, grammar, mathematics, astronomy, medics and other sciences.[9] The Iranian Chorasmian language, which was the language of Biruni,[10][11] survived for several centuries after Islam until the Turkification of the region, and so must some at least of the culture and lore of ancient Khwarezm, for it is hard to see the commanding figure of Biruni, a repository of so much knowledge, appearing in a cultural vacuum.[12]

He was sympathetic to the Afrighids, who were overthrown by the rival dynasty of Ma'munids in 995. Leaving his homeland, he left for Bukhara, then under the Samanid ruler Mansur II the son of Nuh. There he also corresponded with Avicenna[13] and there are extant exchanges of views between these two scholars.

In 998, he went to the court of the Ziyarid amir of Tabaristan, Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir. There he wrote his first important work, al-Athar al-Baqqiya 'an al-Qorun al-Khaliyya (literally: "The remaining traces of past centuries" and translated as "Chronology of ancient nations" or "Vestiges of the Past") on historical and scientific chronology, probably around 1000 A.D., though he later made some amendments to the book. Accepting the definite demise of the Afrighids at the hands of the Ma'munids, he made peace with the latter who then ruled Chorasmia. Their court at Gorganj (also in Chorasmia) was gaining fame for its gathering of brilliant scientists.

In 1017, Mahmud of Ghazni took Rey. Most scholars, including al-Biruni, were taken to Ghazna, the capital of the Ghaznavid dynasty.[1] Biruni was made court astrologer[14] and accompanied Mahmud on his invasions into India, living there for a few years. Biruni became acquainted with all things related to India. He may even have learned some Sanskrit.[15] During this time he wrote the Kitab ta'rikh al-Hind, finishing it around 1030.[16]

[edit] Mathematics and Astronomy This section requires expansion.


An illustration from al-Biruni's astronomical works, explains the different phases of the moon.
Diagram illustrating a method proposed and used by Al-Biruni to estimate the radius and circumference of the EarthNinety-five of 146 books known to have been written by Bīrūnī, about 65 percent, were devoted to astronomy, mathematics, and related subjects like math­ematical geography.[17][18]

[edit] PhysicsAl-Biruni contributed to the introduction of the experimental scientific method to mechanics, unified statics and dynamics into the science of mechanics, and combined the fields of hydrostatics with dynamics to create hydrodynamics.[19][20]

[edit] Geography This section requires expansion.

Bīrūnī also devised his own method of determining the radius of the earth by means of the observation of the height of a mountain and carried it out at Nandana in India.[21]

[edit] Pharmacology and Mineralogy This section requires expansion.

Due to an apparatus he constructed himself, he succeeded in determining the specific gravity of a certain number of metals and minerals with remarkable precision.[22]

[edit] History and Chronology This section requires expansion.

Biruni's main essay on political history, Ketāb al-mosāmara fī aḵbār Ḵᵛārazm (Book of conversation concerning the affairs of Ḵᵛārazm) is now known only from quotations in Bayhaqī’s Tārīḵ-e masʿūdī. In addition to this various discussions of historical events and methodology are found in connection with the lists of kings in his al-Āṯār al-bāqīa and in the Qānūn as well as elsewhere in the Āṯār, in India, and scattered throughout his other works.[23]

[edit] History of Religions This section requires expansion.

Bīrūnī is one of the most important Muslim authorities on the history of religion.[24] Al-Biruni was a pioneer in the study of comparative religion. He studied Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, and other religions. He treated religions objectively, striving to understand them on their own terms rather than trying to prove them wrong. His underlying concept was that all cultures are at least distant relatives of all other cultures because they are all human constructs. “What al-Biruni seems to be arguing is that there is a common human element in every culture that makes all cultures distant relatives, however foreign they might seem to one another.” (Rosenthal, 1976, p. 10). Al-Biruni was disgusted by scholars who failed to engage primary sources in their treatment of Hindu religion. He found existing sources on Hinduism to be both insufficient and dishonest. Guided by a sense of ethics and a desire to learn, he sought to explain the religious behavior of different groups.

Al-Biruni divides Hindus into an educated and an uneducated class. He describes the educated as monotheistic, believing that God is one, eternal, and omnipotent and eschewing all forms of idol worship. He recognizes that uneducated Hindus worshipped a multiplicity of idols yet points out that even some Muslims (such as the Jabiriyya) have adopted anthropomorphic concepts of God. (Ataman, 2005)

[edit] Indology This section requires expansion.

Bīrūnī’s fame as an Indologist rests primarily on two texts.[25] Al-Biruni wrote an encyclopedic work on India called “Tarikh Al-Hind” (History of India, also known as “Indica,” or simply “India”) in which he explored nearly every aspect of Indian life, including religion, history, geography, geology, science, and mathematics. He explores religion within a rich cultural context. He expresses his objective with simple eloquence: I shall not produce the arguments of our antagonists in order to refute such of them, as I believe to be in the wrong. My book is nothing but a simple historic record of facts. I shall place before the reader the theories of the Hindus exactly as they are, and I shall mention in connection with them similar theories of the Greeks in order to show the relationship existing between them (1910, Vol. 1, p. 7; 1958, p. 5) An example of Al-Biruni’s analysis is his summary of why many Hindus hate Muslims. He explains that Hinduism and Islam are totally different from each other. Moreover, Hindus in 11th century India considered all foreigners, not just Muslims, impure and refused to have any connection with them. Furthermore, when the Muslims entered India, the land had already been devastated by two previous invasions by the Sakas and the Hunas. On top of that, Mahmud of Ghazni, the Muslim sultan of India and a contemporary of al-Biruni, plundered the wealth of the region. (Ataman, 2005). Al-Biruni intended to facilitate dialogue between Hindus and Muslims. He thought that the two groups had a great deal they could learn from one another. (Biruni, 1910, Vol. 1, p. 17). Al-Biruni collected books and studied with Hindu scholars to become fluent in Sanskrit. He translated books both from Sanskrit to Arabic and vice versa. (Ataman, 2005). While others were killing each other over religious differences, Al-Biruni had a remarkable ability to engage Hindus in peaceful dialogue. Mohammad Yasin puts this dramatically when he says, “The Indica is like a magic island of quiet, impartial research in the midst of a world of clashing swords, burning towns, and burned temples.” (Indica is another name for Al-Biruni’s history of India). (Yasin, 1975, p. 212).

[edit] Works This section requires expansion.


A statue of Biruni adorns the southwest entrance of Laleh Park in Tehran, IranMost of the works of Al-Biruni are in Arabic although he wrote one of his masterpieces, the Kitab al-Tafhim apparently in both Persian and Arabic, showing his mastery over both languages.[26] Bīrūnī’s catalogue of his own literary production up to his 65th lunar/63rd solar year (the end of 427/1036) lists 103 titles divided into 12 categories: astronomy, mathematical geography, mathematics, astrological aspects and transits, astronomical instruments, chronology, comets, an untitled category, astrology, anec­dotes, religion, and books of which he no longer possesses copies.[27] His extant works include:

Critical study of what India says, whether accepted by reason or refused (Arabic تحقيق ما للهند من مقولة معقولة في العقل أم مرذولة), also known as the Indica - a compendium of India's religion and philosophy
The Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology (Kitab al-tafhim li-awa’il sina‘at al-tanjim).
The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries (Arabic الآثار الباقية عن القرون الخالية) - a comparative study of calendars of different cultures and civilizations, interlaced with mathematical, astronomical, and historical information.
The Mas'udi Canon (Persian قانون مسعودي) - an extensive encyclopedia on astronomy, geography, and engineering, named after Mas'ud, son of Mahmud of Ghazni, to whom he dedicated.
Understanding Astrology (Arabic التفهيم لصناعة التنجيم) - a question and answer style book about mathematics and astronomy, in Arabic and Persian.
Pharmacy - about drugs and medicines.
Gems (Arabic الجماهر في معرفة الجواهر) about geology, minerals, and gems, dedicated to Mawdud son of Mas'ud.
Astrolabe.
A historical summary book.
History of Mahmud of Ghazni and his father.
History of Khawarazm.
[edit] Chronicle of Nations[edit] Persian workAlthough he preferred Arabic to Persian in scientific writing, his Persian version of the Al-Tafhim[26] is one of the most important of the early works of science in the Persian language, and is a rich source for Persian prose and lexicography.[26] The book covers the Quadrivium in a detailed and skilled fashion.[26]

[edit] Notes and referencesNotes
1.^ Arabic spelling. Persian: Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ebn Aḥmad Bērūnī (ابوریحان محمد بن احمد بیرونی). The intermediate form Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī is often used in academic literature.
Citations
1.^ a b The Exact Sciences, E.S.Kennedy, The Cambridge History of Iran: The period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs, Ed. Richard Nelson Frye, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 394.
2.^ Kemal Ataman, Understanding other religions: al-Biruni's and Gadamer's "fusion of horizons", (CRVP, 2008), 58.
3.^ Encyclopædia Britannica, al-Biruni (Persian scholar and scientist) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia, Britannica.com, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/66790/al-Biruni#, retrieved 2010-02-28
4.^ Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume, (Calcutta, 1951)
5.^
Bosworth, C. E. (1968), “The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)”, J.A. Boyle (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods, Cambridge University Press: 1-202. [45]. Excerpt from page 7:"The Iranian scholar al-BIruni says that the Khwarazmian era began when the region was first settled and cultivated, this date being placed in the early 13th-century BC) "
Richard Frye: "The contribution of Iranians to Islamic mathematics is overwhelming. ..The name of Abu Raihan Al-Biruni, from Khwarazm, must be mentioned since he was one of the greatest scientists in World History"(R.N. Frye, "The Golden age of Persia", 2000, Phoenix Press. pg 162)
M. A. Saleem Khan, "Al-Biruni's discovery of India: an interpretative study", iAcademicBooks, 2001. pg 11: "It is generally accepted that he was Persian by origin, and spoke the Khwarizmian dialect" [1]
Rahman, H. U. (1995). A Chronology of Islamic History : 570 - 1000 CE. London: Mansell Publishing. p. 167. ISBN 1897940327. "A Persian by birth, Biruni produced his writings in Arabic, though he knew, besides Persian, no less than four other languages"
6.^
Biruni (2007). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 April 2007;
David C. Lindberg, Science in the Middle Ages, University of Chicago Press, p. 18:


"A Persian by birth, a rationalist in disposition, this contemporary of Avicenna and Alhazen not only studied history, philosophy, and geography in depth, but wrote one of the most comprehensive Muslim astronomical treatises, the Qanun Al-Masu'di."
;
L. Massignon, "Al-Biruni et la valuer internationale de la science arabe" in Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume, (Calcutta, 1951). pp 217-219.
“ In a celebrated preface to the book of Drugs, Biruni says: And if it is true that in all nations one likes to adorn oneself by using the language to which one has remained loyal, having become accustomed to using it with friends and companions according to need, I must judge for myself that in my native Khwarezmian, science has as much as chance of becoming perpetuated as a camel has of facing Kaaba. ”

Gotthard Strohmaier, "Biruni" in Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index: Vol. 1 of Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, 2006. excerpt from page 112: "Although his native Khwarezmian was also an Iranian language, he rejected the emerging neo-Persian literature of his time (Firdawsi), preferring Arabic instead as the only adequate medium of science.";
D. N. MacKenzie, Encyclopaedia Iranica, "CHORASMIA iii. The Chorasmian Language". Excerpt: "Chorasmian, the original Iranian language of Chorasmia, is attested at two stages of its development..The earliest examples have been left by the great Chorasmian scholar Abū Rayḥān Bīrūnī.";
Helaine Selin, "Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures ", Springer, 1997. "Al-Biruni", pg 157: "his native language was the Khwarizmian dialect"
7.^ a b c D.J. Boilot, "Al-Biruni (Beruni), Abu'l Rayhan Muhammad b. Ahmad", in Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden), New Ed., vol.1:1236-1238. Excerpt 1: "He was born of an Iranian family in 362/973 (according to al-Ghadanfar, on 3 Dhu'l-Hididja/ 4 September — see E. Sachau, Chronology, xivxvi), in the suburb (birun) of Kath, capital of Khwarizm". Excerpt 2:"was one of the greatest scholars of mediaeval Islam, and certainly the most original and profound. He was equally well versed in the mathematical, astronomic, physical and natural sciences and also distinguished himself as a geographer and historian, chronologist and linguist and as an impartial observer of customs and creeds. He is known as al-Ustdadh, "the Master".
8.^ Robinson, Francis (2010). Islam in South Asia: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide. Oxford University Press US. p. 10. ISBN 0199806446.
9.^ a b c C. Edmund Bosworth, "BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN i. Life" in Encyclopedia Iranica. Access date April 2011 at [2]
10.^ Gotthard Strohmaier, "Biruni" in Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index: Vol. 1 of Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, 2006. excerpt from page 112: "Although his native Khwarezmian was also an Iranian language, he rejected the emerging neo-Persian literature of his time (Firdawsi), preferring Arabic instead as the only adequate medium of science.";
11.^ D. N. MacKenzie, Encyclopaedia Iranica, "CHORASMIA iii. The Chorasmian Language" [3] "Chorasmian, the original Iranian language of Chorasmia, is attested at two stages of its development..The earliest examples have been left by the great Chorasmian scholar Abū Rayḥān Bīrūnī.
12.^ Bosworth, C.E. "Ḵh̲ W Ārazm." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. Accessed at 10 November 2007
13.^ Firoozeh Papan-Matin, Beyond death: the mystical teachings of ʻAyn al-Quḍāt al-Hamadhānī, (Brill, 2010), 111.
14.^ Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, Vol.3, (University of Chicago Press, 1958), 168.
15.^ Jean Jacques Waardenburg, Muslim Perceptions of other Religions: A Historical Survey, (Oxford University Press, 1999), 27.
16.^ Jean Jacques Waardenburg, 27.
17.^ George Saliba, "BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN iii. Mathematics and Astronomy" in Encyclopaedia Iranica
18.^ http://www.antiochgate.com/14_biruni_elements_of_astrology.htm
19.^ http://www.antiochgate.com/images/14_Biruni_Elements_of_Astrology_0146.GIF
20.^ http://physics.learnhub.com/lesson/16619-classical-mechanics-newton-laws-of-motion
21.^ David Pingree,"BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN iv. Geography" in Encyclopaedia Iranica
22.^ Georges C. Anawati, BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN v. Pharmacology and Mineralogy, in Encyclopaedia Iranica
23.^ David Pingree, "BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN vi. History and Chronology" in Encyclopaedia Iranica
24.^ François de Blois,"BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN vii. History of Religions" in Encyclopaedia Iranica
25.^ Bruce B. Lawerence, "BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN viii. Indology" in Encyclopaedia Iranica
26.^ a b c d S.H. Nasr, "An introduction to Islamic cosmological doctrines: conceptions of nature and methods used for its study by the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ, al-Bīrūnī, and Ibn Sīnā", 2nd edition, Revised. SUNY press, 1993. pp 111: "Al-Biruni wrote one of the masterpieces of medieval science, Kitab al-Tafhim, apparently in both Arabic and Persian, demonstrating how conversant he was in both tongues. The Kitab al-Tafhim is without doubt the most important of the early works of science in Persian and serves as a rich source for Persian prose and lexicography as well as for the knowledge of the Quadrivium whose subjects it covers in a masterly fashion"
27.^ David Pingree, BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN ii. Bibliography, in Encyclopaedia Iranica. [4]
Bibliography
C.E. Bosworth, "BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN i. Life" in Encyclopædia Iranica [5] (accessed April 2011)
David Pingree, ""BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN ii. Bibliography", in Encyclopædia Iranica [6] (accessed April 2011)
George Saliba, "BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN iii. Mathematics and Astronomy" in Encyclopædia Iranica [7] (accessed April 2011)
David Pingree, "BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN iv. Geography" in Encycloapedia Iranica [8] (accessed April 2011)
Georges C. Anawati, "BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN v. Pharmacology and Mineralogy" in Encycloapedia Iranica [9] (accessed April 2011)
David Pingree, "BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN vi. History and Chronology" in Encyclpaedia Iranica [10] (accessed April 2011)
François de Blois, "BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN vii. History of Religions", in Encyclopædia Iranica [11] (accessed April 2011)
Bruce B. Lawerence, "BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN viii. Indology", in Encyclopædia Iranica [12] (accessed April 2011)
Yano, Michio (2007). "Bīrūnī: Abū al‐Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al‐Bīrūnī". In Thomas Hockey et al. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. pp. 131–3. ISBN 9780387310220. http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Biruni_BEA.htm. (PDF version)
Kennedy, E. S. (2008) [1970-80]. "Al-Bīrūnī (or Bērūnī), Abū Rayḥān (or Abu’l-Rayḥān) Muḥammad Ibn Aḥmad". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com.
Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith (2005), Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, ISBN 0415969301
Kiple, Kenneth F.; Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè (2001), The Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521402166
Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, 1 & 3, Routledge, ISBN 0415124107
Saliba, George (1994), A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam, New York University Press, ISBN 0814780237
Dani, Ahmed Hasan (1973), Alberuni's Indica: A record of the cultural history of South Asia about AD 1030, University of Islamabad Press
Samian, A.L. (2011). "Reason and Spirit in Al-Biruni’s Philosophy of Mathematics". In Tymieniecka, A-T.. Reason, Spirit and the Sacral in the New Enlightenment. Islamic Philosophy and Occidental Phenomenology in Dialogue. 5. Netherlands: Springer. pp. 137–146. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9612-8_9. ISBN 978-90-481-9612-8.
Biruni trans. E. Sachau, Abu al-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al- (1910), Al-Beruni’s India: an Account of the Religion, Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chronology, Astronomy, Customs, Laws and Astrology of Indiae, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.
, * Rosenthal, F. (1976), E. Yarshter, ed., Al-Biruni between Greece and India,, New York: Iran Center, Columbia University

* Yasin, M. (1975), Al-Biruni in India, Islamic Culture
* Ataman, K. (2005), Re-Reading al-Biruni’s India: a Case for Intercultural Understanding, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations
[edit] Further readingOn the Presumed Darwinism of Alberuni Eight Hundred Years before Darwin Jan Z. Wilczynski Isis Vol. 50, No. 4 (Dec., 1959), pp. 459–466 (article consists of 8 pages) Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society Stable URL: [13]
[edit] External links Wikisource has original works written by or about: Abu Rayhan Biruni
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Abū-Rayhān Bīrūnī
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Abu Rayhan al-Biruni

BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN in Encyclopaedia Iranica
C.E. Bosworth, BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN i. Life in Encyclopaedia Iranica (accessed April 2011)
David Pingree, BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN ii. Bibliography in Encyclopaedia Iranica (accessed April 2011)
George Saliba, BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN iii. Mathematics and Astronomy in Encyclopaedia Iranica (accessed April 2011)
David Pingree, BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN iv. Geography in Encycloapedia Iranica (accessed April 2011)
Georges C. Anawati, BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN v. Pharmacology and Mineralogy in Encycloapedia Iranica (accessed April 2011)
Gomez, A. G. (2010) Biruni's Measurement of the Earth [online], http://www.jscimath.org/uploads/J2011172AG.pdf
David Pingree, BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN vi. History and Chronology in Encyclpaedia Iranica (accessed April 2011)
François de Blois, BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN vii. History of Religions in Encyclopaedia Iranica (accessed April 2011)
Bruce B. Lawerence, BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN viii. Indology in Encyclopaedia Iranica (accessed April 2011)
Richard Covington, Rediscovering Arabic Science, 2007, Saudi Aramco World
[edit] Works of Al-Biruni onlineElliot, H. M. (Henry Miers), Sir; John Dowson (1871). "1. Táríkhu-l Hind of Bírúní". The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period (Vol 2.). London : Trübner & Co.. http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073036729#page/n15/mode/2up. (At Packard Institute)
Sachau, Dr.Edward C. (1910). ALBERUNI'S INDIA - An account of ... India about A.D. 1030 (Vol. 1). Kegan Paul, Trench Trubner & Co.Ltd., London. http://www.archive.org/stream/alberunisindiaac01biru#page/n5/mode/2up.
Sachau, Dr.Edward C. (1910). ALBERUNI'S INDIA - An account of ... India about A.D. 1030 (Vol 2.). Kegan Paul, Trench Trubner & Co. Ltd., London. http://www.archive.org/stream/alberunisindiaac00biruiala#page/n5/mode/2up.
Alberuni's India, in English
"On Stones": Biruni's work on geology, medical properties of gemstones full text version + comments

Home Remedies for High blood Pressure

What is High Blood Pressure?
High blood pressure (hypertension), often called a silent killer, is the pressure of the blood in the arteries. Blood pressure is typically recorded as the systolic pressure (as the heart beats) over the diastolic pressure (time between two beats). A consistent blood pressure reading of 140/90 mm Hg or higher is considered high blood pressure. Untreated, high blood pressure will cause heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, injury to the brain and eyes.



Common Causes of High Blood Pressure

Obesity


Lifestyle


Genetic factors


Excessive alcohol


Birth control pills


Pain relievers


Other underlying causes may include:


Kidney diseases


Adrenal diseases


Abnormal blood vessels


Eclampsia / Pre-eclampsia in pregnant women


Thyroid diseases


Home Remedies for High blood Pressure
Tip 1:

Powder 100 gm melon seeds and 100 gm poppy seeds (khus-khus). Mix and store in a clean container. Consume 1 tsp with water morning and evening.

Tip 2:

A clove of garlic is highly recommended for high blood pressure. Chew one clove of garlic first thing every morning and wash it down with water. The garlic can also be coarsely pound and swallowed with water.

Tip 3:

Make a juice of 25-30 curry leaves with 1 cup of water. Strain and drink first thing in the morning. Limejuice can be added for taste.

Tip 4:

In the same manner coriander or fenugreek leaves can be tried they won't harm in any way and at the same time one can find out what is best suited to their system.

Tip 5:

Mix 1 tsp honey with 1 tsp ginger juice and 1 tsp cumin powder. Have twice a day.

A Natural Cough Medicine

Home Remedies for cough

In an amber jar with lid (preferably glass- like creamer comes in), place 1 large onion that you section so it will fit. Cover with a bottle of honey and top with lemon juice. Let this ferment as long as you can (make it in the summer, so by fall it's really good). The onion will blacken a little from the sugars in the honey and lemon, but don't remove it. It's OK. Take this straight from a teaspoon (heat it a few moments over the pilot light on your gas stove) or use a few Tbsp to make a tea.

or

Tip 1:

Suck on 3 peppercorns with a pinch of black cumin seeds (shah jeera) and a pinch of salt.

Tip 2:

Burn a clove by stirring on a hot tava or pan. Keep this in the mouth and suck on it.

Tip 3:

3-5 drops of clove oil mixed with a clove of crushed garlic and ½ tsp honey helps soothe the throat.

Tip 4:

In a cup of boiling water add 1 tsp turmeric powder and 1 tsp carom seeds (ajwain). Boil till half. Add 1 tsp of honey and have 2 times a day.

Tip 5:

50 gm of sugar candy (mishri) with 50 gm pepper powder. Mix with pure ghee to make small pellets. Store. Keep in mouth and suck on them, 3-4 times a day.


FOR INFANTS
Tip 1:

1 tsp of holy basil leaves mixed with honey.

Tip 2:

Some saffron strands made into a paste with one betel leaf is to be applied on the infants forehead and soles of the feet.

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